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香港家族企业如何打破宿命

  开疆拓土者都希望自己的基业能够永继长青,而一旦“换班时代”来临,这种财富迁移运动该如何演绎?家族模式是福是祸,如何打破宿命顺利“交棒”?

  香港家族企业如何打破宿命

  《环球》杂志驻香港记者/王悦欣

  《环球》杂志记者/谢黎

  日前,碧桂园主席杨国强欲收购邵氏兄弟控股的香港电视广播(TVB)一事颇受关注。7月14日,据港媒报道,此事已生变数,参与此并购的一些中资银行已全数退出。而此前,招商银行高价竞得了永隆银行。这两桩并购案,再次引发人们对香港家族企业交接班问题的关注。

  新鸿基顺利“拆弹”?

  前几个月,香港最引人注目的八卦新闻,也许就是全港最大的地产公司新鸿基郭氏三兄弟的不和风波。这场一度闹得沸沸扬扬的家族纷争,直到三兄弟隐居幕后多年的八旬老母出面挂帅,改由自己亲自担任集团主席,才算暂时平息。

  郭得胜,这位新鸿基的创始人,曾在公司外墙上刻下“鸿基永固”四个大字来不断警醒自己和接班人。为维护家族利益,为避免自己一手打下的江山支离破碎,他费尽心机地以家族信托基金的形式,把新鸿基的控股权“捆绑”起来。但在老先生故去十数年后,他的担忧还是成了现实。

  2008年2月18日,新鸿基地产发布公告称:该公司主席兼行政总裁郭炳湘,因个人理由即日起暂时休假,郭炳湘职务及职责将由公司的副主席兼董事总经理郭炳江及郭炳联分担。一时间,关于新鸿基兄弟反目、桃色事件、健康问题以及绑架的前尘旧事纷纷见诸报端。

  5月27日,新鸿基在其官网上登出通告,称公司董事局会议决定罢免郭炳湘的主席兼行政总裁职务,主席改由母亲邝肖卿担任,任期至今年年底,行政总裁则由两位弟弟郭炳江和郭炳联分担,郭炳湘将会转任非执行董事。公司声明称,董事局通过有关议案是以公司及股东最大利益为依归,并重申公司现有的业务策略维持不变,一切运作如常。

  事实上,一直以来,新鸿基给投资者的印象,并不是一家不思进取、暮气沉沉的老牌家族企业,相反,它原本是家族企业经营的优秀榜样:在接过父亲的生意后,郭氏三兄弟纵横商海所向披靡,联手成就家业的故事屡被颂扬。目前,新鸿基的市值已高达数千亿港元,而郭氏三兄弟也都跻身于世界级的富豪行列。

  但是,家族企业的一些老问题,却是它无法避开的,曾经和美的背后也许是积怨日深。

  郭氏家族是新地大股东,家族成员一直出任主席和行政总裁职位,集大股东和管理层于一身,这是华人家族企业的常态。其好处是领导权和执行权统一,如臂使指,控股家族必会为公司业绩力拼,比起现在不少欧美企业的职业高层主管如走马灯般起起落落、重视短期行为多于企业的长远利益,家族企业其实也有可取的地方。

  但是,当家族成员出现内部分歧,甚至于水火不容之际,“家族情仇”和公司利益之间便会混淆不清。当某个企业大股东的家族纠纷和业务管理混在一起时,是任何人都无法插手疏通的。对新鸿基来说,此次事件之后,家族企业衍生的管治问题如何解决,仍然有赖于董事局各成员的智慧。

  冰山下的隐忧

  新鸿基的这场风波,原本只是普通的企业人事纠纷,却引起了各方关注,究其原因,与其“树大招风”不无关系。而人们也发现,这只是家族企业继任问题的冰山一角。

  香港的家族企业多如繁星。这些家族企业,大部分依靠李嘉诚等领军人物的个人奋斗,搭六、七十年代香港经济崛起“顺风车”,建筑起一个个璀璨的帝国。但岁月不饶人,这批领军者正在日益老去。

  更为要命的是,他们的继承者是否堪当大任,怀疑之声不绝于耳。香港坊间普遍有“二世祖败家”的印象。

  根据荷兰银行统计,亚洲的家族企业中,通常只有三成的家族企业可以成功地交给第二代接棒经营,且只有不到一成的家族企业可以成功传承至第三代。香港的情况恐怕也不容乐观。美国亿万富豪沃伦·巴菲特曾把家族式的继任比做“钦点2000年奥运游泳冠军的儿子成为2020年的奥运冠军”,这无疑是一项渺茫的工程。

  “败家率”高,主要是无形资产难以直接传承。有专家分析说,公司的掌舵人可以把资产传给儿子,但他本人拥有的声誉、政治联系、社会网络、人脉关系及独特的个人魅力等公司最重要的无形资产,却很难直接被子女继承,老员工也未必服继承人,银行也未必买账,于是第二代接手后往往会出现问题。

  芝加哥西北大学凯洛格管理学院的家族企业研究专家约翰·沃德表示,家族管治面临许多压力,内部风险包括家族传承的纷争、任人唯亲,以及继承人众多令所有权分散等。从外部来说,本土市场向外开放,全球金融市场日趋融合,许多国家的上市公司都面临实行更严格的监管并增加透明度的要求。

  要有竞争才会理想

  曾对亚洲区上市企业的继承过程进行过研究的学者指出,香港家族企业出现内斗问题,其实相当普遍,“综合他们在继承公司后5 年的股价表现,得出的结论,就是企业继承问题一直都处理得很不成功。”

  香港中文大学会计学院曾于2006年,对香港、日本、台湾及新加坡共500家上市企业于1990 年至2005 年期间的继承过程进行了研究,得出的结果是香港的上市企业,在下一代继承后5 年内,其股价平均回报为区内表现最差。

  “这个数据其实已反映了本港的企业继承过程,处理得很不成功,常常出现内斗而影响公司表现,只不过他们平日的不和,没有像今次般爆出了大新闻而已。”当年负责这项研究的中文大学会计学院教授范博宏如此表示。

  范博宏分析,出现这种现象,主要是与企业的产业性质,以及上一代太迟安排接班人有关:“香港的家族企业主要是经营地产业务,成功与否,讲究的是政经关系、人脉网络,这些都是很难带落给下一代的,所以要更早培育接班人,要有竞争才会理想。”

  范博宏举例,美国通用电气前行政总裁杰克·韦尔奇,就曾花8 年时间在30 多人中挑选一名接班人,最后的获选者更是一开始属于不被看好的那个。“反观香港的企业,来来去去只在两三名儿子中挑选承继人,成功的比率又怎会高呢?他们应该要再早十几年去准备接任的问题。”

  香港上市的家族企业,大大小小多不胜数,到底谁会是下一间爆出内部纠纷的高危公司?到底香港有没有继承家族企业较成功的例子?

  “以股价表现来说,利丰集团可以说是做得比较好的。他们也经历过困难时期,在父辈去世后,他们要先把公司私有化,重整兄弟间(利丰现任大股东冯国经及冯国纶)的股权问题,然后才再上市。如果没有这个过程,相信利丰今天就不会如此成功了。”以利丰的例子反观新鸿基,同样是兄弟管理的企业,但却因股权未清的关系,导致今日的两难局面。

  香港鹰君集团主席兼董事总经理罗嘉瑞日前表示,香港公司架构与外国不同,不少香港公司由一个人或一个家族持有控制性股权。以美国为例,早年不少公司也是由一个家族主导,而后开始慢慢演变,引入专业管理人才。目前不少大型美国公司,家族已经不再持有公司的经营控制权。引进外来专才已成国际性的大趋势。

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