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突破“富不过三代”的秘笈

  中国有“富不过三代”的谚语,欧洲有“三代人木屐传木屐”的说法,南美有“做生意的老子,花花公子的儿子,要饭的孙子”的讽喻……这些类似的偈语表达了一个同样意思——家族企业传宗接代难。

  有关调查也显示,由第一代顺利过渡到第二代的家族企业,只占33%,只有16%左右的家族企业生意可以由第二代过渡到第三代,而能从第三代过渡到第四代的家族企业仅占4%。

  香港李锦记集团是一家有120年历史的家族企业,作为该企业的第四代传人李惠森,日前就家族企业传承问题接受了本报记者专访。

  “大量的研究证明,第一代创业家的平均退休周期为24年。如果从20世纪80年代开始的个体户经济算起,中国家族企业的第一代创业者已经年迈,正面临传承问题。”李惠森说,“家族企业能否顺利传承,对国民经济都会产生影响。”

  当前,中国民营企业约有530万家,家族企业就占了民营企业总量的70%。

  神秘的“家族宪法”

  说起家族企业,很多人都会联想到任人唯亲、小富即安、家族成员矛盾重重、家长式管理等形象。在过去的30年中,相对于现代国有大型企业、外资公司、跨国公司,家族企业的社会形象并不好。

  如果这些做法不改变,在家族企业传承的时候很可能使矛盾激化。

  这也是作为全国政协委员的李惠森,在今年两会上提出“关于家族企业传承换代、持续发展、营造良好环境”建议的初衷。“我在提案中建议搭建一个家族企业交流的平台,不同的家族企业可以通过交流分享不同的经验。我希望通过这个平台帮助更多的家族企业延续下去。”

  这个想法来源于李锦记集团的“家族宪法”。

  “家族宪法”让人感觉很神秘。但接受记者采访时,李惠森只提了其中部分内容,并不愿意全部公开。

  “”家族宪法”的内容是在不断调整的,也很不完善,但这是所有家族成员必须共同遵守的信条。”李惠森解释说。

  根据“家族宪法”,企业是家族的一部分,李锦记集团的家族成员组成一个家族委员会,每3个月开一次会,每次开会4天,聚在一起开会主要是为了沟通。

  李惠森透露,现在家族委员会成员主要有“我的爸爸妈妈和我的兄弟姐妹”。

  “家族宪法”还有一个很重要的内容就是家族成员的角色定位。

  “过去100多年的历史,所有的董事会成员和CEO都是家族成员,现在我们聘用两个非家族成员加入董事会,在管理方面聘请了一位优秀人才做CEO。”李惠森说,“如果未来有一名家族成员能力很好,他本人也很有兴趣,我们会动员他成为CEO。如果他很有能力但没有兴趣,或者有兴趣没有能力,我们都不会用他。”

  12岁就离开香港去美国求学的李惠森,从小就养成了独立的性格。大学毕业先到外边的企业工作,后来又回到家族企业。现在,李锦记集团第五代家族成员有14名,根据“家族宪法”,他们都要经过独立求学,先到外边的企业工作3年到5年。

  “这样可以让他们更好地体会作为一名普通员工的感受,我们也可以从他们的求学工作经历中发现他们的才能。”李惠森说,“这也是我们培养家族企业接班人的一种方式。”

  “自动波”领导模式

  要改变社会对家族企业的印象,除了解决家族成员之间的利益纠纷,李惠森说:“我觉得一个家族企业很关键的问题就是价值观和创业精神。”

  为了总结李锦记集团的企业价值观和创业精神,李惠森曾用两年的时间写了一本书《思利及人》。在这本书中,他把李锦记集团的核心价值观“思利及人”总结为三个要点:一、要懂得换位思考,做什么事情都要站在对方的立场去想;二、关注对方的感受,“很小的事情不同的讲话方式都会影响别人的感受”。三、直升机思维,一定要站在不同的立场去思考,一个家族企业要延续下去,就要推广让每个人都坐直升机,大家做到“我们大于我”,家族企业延续下去的机会才会大得多。

  虽然从小接受西方教育,但李惠森对《孙子兵法》、《道德经》等中国传统文化名著很推崇,并把其中的精神应用于企业的日常管理中。

  熟悉李惠森的公司员工都知道,他一个月只有几天在办公室,大多数都在高尔夫球场或其他地方,但这丝毫不影响他在公司里的影响力。

  “这就是”自动波”领导模式,这也是我们的企业文化。”李惠森特别解释,“自动波”领导模式是根据《道德经》理念创造的。

  他说,《道德经》里面提到“领袖”的类型有四种:最差就是所有人憎恨他;第二种是所有人都害怕他;第三种是自然型,这种人很有魅力,所有人都追随他;最高境界是“无形领袖”,他不出去做,还做得很好。“看过《道德经》的人会觉得”无形领袖”很好,但是书中没有说怎样成为”无形领袖”,因此我们建立一套东西出来,一步一步去做,希望能塑造出”无形领袖”。”

  对家族企业来说,这个“无形领袖”就是CEO。对于“自动波”领导模式,李惠森用五个原因、六个内容、七个心法来解释。他解释说关键是发挥每个人的潜能,让每个员工都在滚同一个雪球,形成“雪球效应”,“刚开始的时候,雪球看上去很难滚,但是雪球滚起来的时候就会把周围的事物吸引过来,并且越滚越大。”

  在李惠森看来,家族企业拥有什么样的文化,就会吸引什么样的人才,并影响家族企业能否延续下去。

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