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任正非:宽容是领导者的成功之道

(本文为华为技术有限公司总裁任正非在2010年1月14日在2009年全球市场工作会议上的讲话)

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一个领导人重要的素质是方向、节奏。他的水平就是合适的灰度。一个清晰方向,是在混沌中产生的,是从灰色中脱颖而出,方向是随时间与空间而变的,它常常又会变得不清晰。并不是非白即黑、非此即彼
 

华为的核心价值观中,很重要的一条是开放与进取,这条内容在EMT(Executive Management Team,行政管理团队)讨论中,有较长时间的争议。华为是一个有较强创新能力的公司,开放难道有这么重要吗?由于成功,我们现在越来越自信、自豪和自满,其实也在越来越自闭。我们强调开放,更多一些向别人学习,我们才会有更新的目标,才会有真正的自我审视,才会有时代的紧迫感。
 

一、坚定不移的正确方向来自灰度、妥协与宽容。

我们常常说,一个领导人重要的素质是方向、节奏。他的水平就是合适的灰度。
 

一个清晰方向,是在混沌中产生的,是从灰色中脱颖而出,方向是随时间与空间而变的,它常常又会变得不清晰。并不是非白即黑、非此即彼。合理地掌握合适的灰度,是使各种影响发展的要素,在一段时间的和谐,这种和谐的过程叫妥协,这种和谐的结果叫灰度。(任正非反对为变革而变革,提出了“灰色管理”的概念,管理要适合国情;在具体实践中,坚持“七反对”,即“坚决反对完美主义,坚决反对繁琐哲学、坚决反对盲目的创新,坚决反对没有全局效益提升的局部优化,坚决反对没有全局观的干部主导变革,坚决反对没有业务实践经验的人参加变革,坚决反对没有充分论证的流程进行实用”——编者注)
 

妥协一词似乎人人都懂,用不着深究,其实不然。妥协的内涵和底蕴比它的字面含义丰富得多,而懂得它与实践更是完全不同的两回事。我们华为的干部,太多比较年青,血气方刚,干劲冲天,不大懂得必要的妥协,也会产生较大的阻力。我们纵观中国历史上的变法,虽然对中国社会进步产生了不灭的影响,但大多没有达到变革者的理想。我认为,面对它们所处的时代环境,他们的变革太激进、太僵化,冲破阻力的方法太苛刻。如果他们用较长时间来实践,而不是太急迫、太全面,收效也许会好一些。其实就是缺少灰度。方向是坚定不移的,但并不是一条直线,也许是不断左右摇摆的曲线,在某些时段来说,还会划一个圈,但是我们离得远一些或粗一些来看,它的方向仍是紧紧地指着前方。
 

我们今天提出了以正现金流、正利润流、正的人力资源效率增长,以及通过分权制衡的方式,将权力通过授权、行权、监管的方式,授给直接作战部队,也是一种变革。在这次变革中,也许与二十年来的决策方向是有矛盾的,也将涉及许多人的机会与前途,我想我们相互之间都要有理解与宽容。
 

二、宽容是领导者的成功之道

为什么要对各级主管说宽容?这同领导工作的性质有关。任何工作,无非涉及到两个方面:一是同物打交道,二是同人打交道。不宽容,不影响同物打交道。一个科学家,性格怪癖,但他的工作只是一个人在实验室里同仪器打交道,那么,不宽容无伤大雅。一个车间里的员工,只是同机器打交道,那么,即使他同所有人都合不来,也不妨碍他施展技艺制造出精美的产品。但是,任何管理者,都必须同人打交道。有人把管理定义为“通过别人做好工作的技能”。一旦同人打交道,宽容的重要性立即就会显示出来。人与人的差异是客观存在的,所谓宽容,本质就是容忍人与人之间的差异。不同性格、不同特长、不同偏好的人能否凝聚在组织目标和愿景的旗帜下,靠的就是管理者的宽容。
 

宽容别人,其实就是宽容我们自己。多一点对别人的宽容,其实,我们生命中就多了一点空间。
 

宽容是一种坚强,而不是软弱。宽容所体现出来的退让是有目的有计划的,主动权掌握在自己的手中。无奈和迫不得已不能算宽容。
 

只有勇敢的人,才懂得如何宽容,懦夫决不会宽容,这不是他的本性。宽容是一种美德。
 

只有宽容才会团结大多数人与你一齐认知方向,只有妥协才会使坚定不移的正确方向减少对抗,只有如此才能达到你的正确目的。
 

三、没有妥协就没有灰度

坚持正确的方向,与妥协并不矛盾,相反妥协是对坚定不移方向的坚持。
 

当然,方向是不可以妥协的,原则也是不可妥协的。但是,实现目标过程中的一切都可以妥协,只要它有利于目标的实现,为什么不能妥协一下?当目标方向清楚了,如果此路不通,我们妥协一下,绕个弯,总比原地踏步要好,干吗要一头撞到南墙上?在一些人的眼中,妥协似乎是软弱和不坚定的表现,似乎只有毫不妥协,方能显示出英雄本色。但是,这种非此即彼的思维方式,实际上是认定人与人之间的关系是征服与被征服的关系,没有任何妥协的余地。
 

“妥协”其实是非常务实、通权达变的丛林智慧,凡是人性丛林里的智者,都懂得恰当时机接受别人妥协,或向别人提出妥协,毕竟人要生存,靠的是理性,而不是意气。
 

“妥协”是双方或多方在某种条件下达成的共识,在解决问题上,它不是最好的办法,但在没有更好的方法出现之前,它却是最好的方法,因为它有不少的好处。
 

妥协并不意味着放弃原则,一味地让步。明智的妥协是一种适当的交换。为了达到主要的目标,可以在次要的目标上做适当的让步。这种妥协并不是完全放弃原则,而是以退为进,通过适当的交换来确保目标的实现。相反,不明智的妥协,就是缺乏适当的权衡,或是坚持了次要目标而放弃了主要目标,或是妥协的代价过高遭受不必要的损失。明智的妥协是一种让步的艺术,妥协也是一种美德,而掌握这种高超的艺术,是管理者的必备素质。
 

只有妥协,才能实现“双赢”和“多赢”,否则必然两败俱伤。因为妥协能够消除冲突,拒绝妥协,必然是对抗的前奏;我们的各级干部要真正领悟了妥协的艺术,学会了宽容,保持开放的心态,就会真正达到灰度的境界,就能够在正确的道路上走得更远,走得更扎实。

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